Thesis paper on the book The Confessions of Nat Turner Essay

Thesis paper on the book The Confessions of Nat Turner - Essay Example This firm belief had condoned his conscience of cruel murders including the entire family of his kind owner, without any apparent reason. His group of followers too believed in his divine inspiration and respected it. They thought that their cruel actions were supported by God's will and mercy, a possible parallel with today's suicide bombers. But Negros of that day had enough provocation and grievances. Hence, the divine inspiration supposed to have received by Nat formed the basis of entire horrific incident and people involved did not worry much about being tortured or going to gallows as part of their divinely designed mission that was meant to happen for a glorious future, ordained by God himself. Nat's confession is full of 'Lord commanded me', in firm belief. It is also the basis of his Christian faith, for which Jesus suffered and died. He, being an already suffering Negro, placed himself in par with Christ, and his sufferings leading to self destruction were borne with satisfaction and fortitude. This justified not only his own cruelty of committing cold blooded killings, but also leading the rest of the gang into destruction. It gave him much needed solace and self righteousness. It enhanced his stature in his own eyes and that of his followers and fellow sufferers. He does not seem to be particularly guilty of his doings. Hence, the divine inspiration is not the mere motive. It also renders support and focus. It removes inhibitions and doubts from the uninformed minds of these unfortunate participants of mayhem. This divinity guided mission delivers them out of all wrong doings, and removes the fear and dread of consequences. So, gallows as the ultimate end does not particularly haunt or terrify them. They have become soldiers of the very own God's work. They were his instruments through whom he had decided to shape his own desires. They were not ordinary Negro slaves any more. Their leader was directly in contact with divinity and God directs the entire episode. This give s them certain superiority over the white men, because God had chosen them to be his army on earth, and not the all powerful white. Being subjected to the worst inhuman treatment through slavery, this belief must have come as a healer, camouflaging the reality. Naturally, these unfortunate men clung to it and the rest of them looked up at Nat with respect and trust, as God had inspired him, for them. This made the most horrendous happening ('came round to the door I saw Will pulling Mrs. Whitehead out of the house, and at the step he nearly severed her head from her body with his broadax,') sounds normal, as part of a design, a necessary sacrifice for a brighter tomorrow. Nat, throughout this hopeless occurrence, believed that God was guiding his destiny (Go through the midst of Jerusalem) and nothing, till his ignoble death, diminished his fervor of belief. Even killing the helpless did not worry or haunt his conscience in any way as God had bidden him to perform (Slay utterly old and young, both maids and little children.). His

Alexander Graham Bell 1847-1922 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Alexander Graham Bell 1847-1922 - Essay Example On 3rd March 1847, in the town of Edinburgh, Scotland, Eliza Grace Symonds and Professor Alexander Melville Bell were blessed with a son, Alexander Bell. His father, Professor Alexander Melville Bell, was a famous speech expert or elocutionist and teacher of deaf people. Alexander had two other brothers namely, Edward Charles Bell and Melville James Bell. However, both of them later passed on after ailing from Tuberculosis. Interestingly, the name ‘Graham’ was only added when he was 11 years of age after he made a request to equally have a middle name as the rest of his siblings. Most of his childhood years were spent in Scotland with his father acting as a personal tutor. Evidently, Alexander made his first innovation at the age of 12 by inventing a machine that had the capacity to remove the husks of wheat grains and clean them at the same time. The dehusking machine was composed of revolving paddles and pairs of nailbrushes. The machine was adopted by many mill compan ies since it assisted in speeding up of wheat processing. At age 15, he enrolled at Royal High School but left after only four semesters. At the age of 16, Alexander attained a job at the Weston House Academy in Elgin Scotland. His job description was as a part time teacher and pupil of music and speech. Incidentally, his father was against the idea of him pursuing any career within the department of science. However, Alexander maintained his pursuit of science as he wanted to emulate both his grandfather and father. At the Weston House, Alexander took up some Greek and Latin courses and later became a teacher of the same. His charges for remuneration of services rendered were boarding and accommodation at the institution and 10 pounds per lesson. Alexander later attended the University of Edinburg at the age of 17. Incidentally, his brother Edward was enrolled at the same University before his untimely demise on May, 1870. On April of 1871, Alexander relocated to Boston,

Inequality in Education

Inequality in Education Is Inequality in Education Being Reduced? What Effect Does This Have on Other Aspects of Womens Lives? Throughout history, women have been repressed in many different ways by patriarchal systems within society. In Western society, women have gradually gained more power in many aspects of their lives and some (including many post-feminists) would even go so far as to say that equality has been achieved. However, in certain developing countries feminism is a relatively new idea and women may still have very few or limited rights. A common issue with patriarchal societies is gender discrimination in regards to schooling. In Europe, women have been discriminated against in education as far back as the medieval period. Girls were not formally educated, but rather learned from their mothers. Female role models within their community showed them how to perform household tasks, care for children and enforced the importance of feminine behaviour in order to attract a husband. It was in the mid to late 19th Century that formal education became available to females, in the form of same-sex colleges. Womens education started to be considered more seriously following the Representation of the People Act 1918, which allowed some women to vote in Parliamentary elections. WWII also changed attitudes to girls education, as women had been put to work while their husbands were abroad and realised that they had the potential to be more than ‘just housewives and the Education Act of 1944 ensured â€Å"free education for all from primary to secondary†, including females. In 1975 the Sex Discrimination Act was passed, and women were legally required to be given the same occupational opportunities as men. Legally, education was finally balanced between the genders, which was definite progress towards equality when compared with the uneducated females of previous centuries.However, once legal barriers preventing women from achieving in education were removed, feminists began to focus on issues of socialisation. What a patriarchal society expected and approved of in females was ha rder to combat than legislation. Sue Sharp (1976, pg 132) interviewed girls in Ealing schools, and one said that â€Å"I think men should [have careers]. If they [girls] want to they can, but I think it suits men really. Once men start on something, I suppose they go ahead, but women they always change their minds†. The girls in Sharpes 1976 study showed limited career aspirations, and put more emphasis on their desire to marry and raise a family. This attitude was reflected in the fact that in the 1970s there were twice as many males in higher education than females (Major).However, when Sharpe repeated her study in 1994 the results were different. Although girls were still likely to aspire to â€Å"Womens Work† such as childcare and beauty therapy, some showed interest in fire-fighting or mechanics. They also showed a desire to have a successful career so as not to be financially dependent on a husband in case of breakdown of a marriage, and expected husbands to help with household tasks. Also, as of 2009 Major claimed that â€Å"there are now more women than men in higher education 51% to 49% is the average†. Parents often encourage or even expect their daughters to attend university and find careers for themselves, and Darla Shine goes so far as to argue that women do not have professional careers are sometimes negatively stigmatised as being â€Å"slobs†.The number of qualifications girls get could thoroughly affect many aspects of their adult life. One of the most obvious differences education makes to an individuals life is their possible income. Graduates with the highest level of qualification earn, on average, more than twice the wage of employees with no qualifications and are also half as likely to be unemployed (Careers Scotland, 2009). Poverty can lead to health issues (due to a poor diet or low quality of heating or sleep in cheaper housing) and depression and stress. Crime is also more prevalent in low-income areas, so uneducated females may be either victim of a crime or be arrested for crimes themselves, leading to imprisonment. It is, therefore, clear that refusing women this one right to education, or somehow limiting it, can contribute to gender inequality in almost all aspects of later life. In conclusion, steps have most definitely been made towards a less male-orientated system of education. Recognising that most girls perform better in coursework than the end of term exams, many establishments have altered the assessment style to cater towards both genders. Girls are performing better than boys in school, but â€Å"gendered subjects† are still criticised as they reinforce gender stereotypes. Some organisations, such as CC4G are trying to help girls branch into male-dominated areas such as computer technology. Sharpes study and Majors article show the differences that 20 years can make, so who knows what the result of two more decades of feminist activism will be? Sociological Theories on Gender Inequality in Education Most types of feminism are based on the idea that gender is a social construct which a child is labelled with at birth depending on its sex. Therefore, any ideas of male dominance in cultures are seen to be a consequence of socialisation and not a natural and biological state of being. This leads to the conclusion that men and women can potentially have the same sets of skills, and can learn all subjects equally well in education establishments if patriarchal socialisation does not interfere. Feminists recognise that girls often choose to pursue subjects such as English, social sciences, healthcare and childcare or beauty therapies in colleges and university, whereas males opt for more technical fields of study or manual labour. Although they accept that females make this choice themselves, some feminists are concerned that this choice is subconsciously made due to a â€Å"hidden curriculum† within schools which channels the two sexes into particular roles that are expected of them by society. The subjects picked by girls rely more on emotions and femininity, whereas technical subjects lead to well-paid executive occupations or â€Å"macho† physical labour. Radical feminists argue that men consciously exploit women in society by limiting them to subjects that are seen as feminine in order to prepare young girls for their intended role as wife and mother. Oakley (1974) noted that men might approve of women who are moderately successful in their occupation, as long as they are willing to run the home as well. This is known as a â€Å"triple shift†, where the woman provides financial support by working, emotional support for the family, and keeps the home in order. Liberal Feminists also believe that society is still discriminatory against women, yet trust that progress is being made towards equality and males are generally cooperative to the cause. They believe that males have been socialised to act in certain ways which discriminate against women, but do not necessarily exploit females consciously and that some of the problems lies within womens own attitudes. They refer to the studies of Sue Sharpe, which show that girls opportunities and ambitions are improving, and are optimistic that over time equality will be achieved. Sharpe (1976, pg 66) states that â€Å"It is in the media that the most conventional and exaggerated stereotypes are found, parodying the ways in which people are supposed to live†. It is thought that because education establishments are usually run by males, with women in pastoral positions such as teachers and learning assistants, girls do are not shown that it is men who hold executive positions. New Right theorists believe that gendered subjects can have positive effects, as the traditional gender roles which they prepare young people for can strengthen nuclear families so that they are self-sufficient both economically and emotionally. Functionalists take a ‘march of progress view and say that joint conjugal roles are becoming more common in Western homes. Ferri and Smith (1996) observed that in dual full-time earner households, fathers were more likely to share in child care and domestic work. This is allowing women to pursue professional careers more easily, so young females are expected to do well in education from an early age in preparation for their adult working life. Functionalists say that a school is a positive form of socialisation which teaches females skills that will aid them in the future. Socio-biologists on the other hand, believe that gender is inherent to sex and behaviour is controlled by your DNA. They point out that the male and female hormones cause different behaviour which would explain why males and females choose different paths of education. Oestrogen creates more emotional behaviour, which links to childcare or social sciences, and testosterone creates competitive personalities which cause men to choose professional subjects which will in future help them provide for their mate and offspring. Dawkins (2006) states that â€Å"behaviour is genetically programmed according to sex and genetic differences underlie mens dominant position in society†. This theory thinks that gender roles are a product of evolution, as males and females which followed this pattern of behaviour could reproduce and raise offspring in a stable environment to pass on their genes, making gender roles a product of evolution. They note that other animals have gender roles, and it is, therefore, the natural state.In summary, most theories agree that much progress has been made towards equality for the sexes in education. The theories do however disagree on whether gendered subjects are harmful or beneficial to society. Feminists also draw attention to the fact that even if equality is gained within education, the workplace is still male dominated, and the â€Å"glass ceiling† discriminates and prevents women reaching their full potential. Equality in education is just one stepping stone on the way to completely equal rights, in all aspects of life. Bibliography DAWKINS, Richard (2006) The Selfish Gene, 30th Anniversary Edition. Oxford, OUP. ENSLIN, Penny and TJITTAS, Mary (2004) Liberal feminism, cultural diversity and comparative education, Comparative Education, 40: 4, 503 — 516 FERRI, E and SMITH, K (1996) Parenting in the 1990s. [online] Findings Social Policy Research 106. York, Joseph Rowntree Foundation. Last accessed on 12th December 2009 at www.jrf.org.uk OAKLEY, Ann (1974). The Sociology of Housework. London, Martin Robinson. MAJOR, Lee Elliot (2009) Why boys cant keep up with the girls [online] Last accessed 11th December 2009 http://www.guardian.co.uk MURRAY, Jenni (2009) British History In-depth: 20th Century Britain: The Womans Hour [online]. Last accessed 8th December 2009 at http://www.bbc.co.uk/history SHARPE, Sue (1976) â€Å"Just Like a Girl† How Girls Learn to be Women, Middlesex, Penguin Books. SHINE, Darla. 10 Golden Rules for a Happy Housewife [online]. Last accessed 11th December 2009 at http://www.juniormagazine.co.uk BLACKS ACADEMY. Sue Sharpe: Just Like a Girl. [online] Last accessed 14th December at http://www.blacksacademy.net/content/2984.html BRITISH HISTORY. A History of the County of Middlesex: Volume 1: Physique, Archaeology, Domesday, Ecclesiastical Organization, The Jews, Religious Houses, Education of Working Classes to 1870, Private Education from Sixteenth Century (1969) [online], pp. 311-312. Last accessed 9th December 2009 at http://www.british-history.ac.uk/ CC4G. CC4G [online] Last accessed 10th December 2009 at www.CC4G.net CAL POLY POMONA. The Educational Legacy of Medieval and Renaissance Traditions: the Education of Men and Women [online]. Last accessed 7th December 2009 at http://www.csupomona.edu THE GUARDIAN (2006) Girls get with the (computer) program. [online] Last updated 10th January 2006. Last accessed 14th December 2009 at http://www.guardian.co.uk/educationCAREERS SCOTLAND. Key messages Qualifications and earnings. [online] Last accessed 14th December 2009 at www.careers-scotland.org.uk NATIONAL ARCHIVES. The Struggle for Democracy: Getting the Vote [online] Last Accessed 8th December at www.nationalarchives.gov.uk SPARTACUS. Women and University Education [online] Last accessed 9th December 2009 at www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk Domestic Division of Labour. [online] Last accessed 13th December 2009 at http://www.lexden-publishing.co.uk Equal But Different (2009) [online] Last updated 14th December 2009. Last accessed 15th December 2009 at http://equalbutdifferent.blogspot.com/

College Admissions Essay: Deafness Will Not Hold Me Back :: College Admissions Essays

Deafness Will Not Hold Me Back A challenge is nothing more than an obstacle that lies in one's path. I have had my fair share of such obstacles The main one has been my deafness. Many people consider deafness a disabilitya handicap that leads to problems or failure. I am proof that this stereotype is false. I was raised with the awareness that a person in my position can either be a "deaf person" or a person who happens to have a problem hearing. I chose to be the latter. An example of the ways in which this decision shaped my life was the way I dealt with the junior and senior high school foreign language requirement; I have none: since I'm deaf, I am exempt from taking a foreign language. However, I never considered taking advantage of this exemption. I turned a "deaf' ear to my friends who said that I was crazy to take a course that I didn't need or my parents warning that it might be extremely difficult. Taking a foreign language was something that I wanted to do (not merely to prove to others that I could do it) because knowing another language seemed so interesting. Why should I have to go through life with only one language when everyone around me was learning new languages? So I began studying Spanish in seventh grade. Trying to articulate sounds that I could not hear was incredibly frustrating, as was the realization that my grades in Spanish were much lower than my grades in my other subjects, including my AP courses. Every semester, instead of my average being high enough for High Honor Roll, I was only able to make Honor Roll. Still, I was determined to succeed and I did. I can speak, read, and write Spanish. I am proud of my decision to persevere despite the knowledge that my perseverance would lower my academic average. Like so many experiences in my life, a challenge that I could have avoided became a test of my determination. Also, I enjoy challenges that have helped me develop as a human being. For example, chairing committees in Model Congress provided me with opportunities to work with students of different ages, ethnicities, and socioeconomic backgrounds. Similarly, my volunteer activitiesworking on Thanksgiving Food Drives for the homeless, the Interact Food Drives, and Hurricane Relief effortsenabled me to improve my ability to collaborate with a variety of people. College Admissions Essay: Deafness Will Not Hold Me Back :: College Admissions Essays Deafness Will Not Hold Me Back A challenge is nothing more than an obstacle that lies in one's path. I have had my fair share of such obstacles The main one has been my deafness. Many people consider deafness a disabilitya handicap that leads to problems or failure. I am proof that this stereotype is false. I was raised with the awareness that a person in my position can either be a "deaf person" or a person who happens to have a problem hearing. I chose to be the latter. An example of the ways in which this decision shaped my life was the way I dealt with the junior and senior high school foreign language requirement; I have none: since I'm deaf, I am exempt from taking a foreign language. However, I never considered taking advantage of this exemption. I turned a "deaf' ear to my friends who said that I was crazy to take a course that I didn't need or my parents warning that it might be extremely difficult. Taking a foreign language was something that I wanted to do (not merely to prove to others that I could do it) because knowing another language seemed so interesting. Why should I have to go through life with only one language when everyone around me was learning new languages? So I began studying Spanish in seventh grade. Trying to articulate sounds that I could not hear was incredibly frustrating, as was the realization that my grades in Spanish were much lower than my grades in my other subjects, including my AP courses. Every semester, instead of my average being high enough for High Honor Roll, I was only able to make Honor Roll. Still, I was determined to succeed and I did. I can speak, read, and write Spanish. I am proud of my decision to persevere despite the knowledge that my perseverance would lower my academic average. Like so many experiences in my life, a challenge that I could have avoided became a test of my determination. Also, I enjoy challenges that have helped me develop as a human being. For example, chairing committees in Model Congress provided me with opportunities to work with students of different ages, ethnicities, and socioeconomic backgrounds. Similarly, my volunteer activitiesworking on Thanksgiving Food Drives for the homeless, the Interact Food Drives, and Hurricane Relief effortsenabled me to improve my ability to collaborate with a variety of people.

Model: African Culture Essay

A critical assessment of the Zulu community reveals their belief that if the necessary resources for HIV/AIDS prevention, care, and support are available, accessible, acceptable, and affordable, they would make positive decisions and actions regarding the disease and its effects (Gumede & Dalrymple, 2004). Additionally, the believe that their head of state’s openness in discussing HIV/AIDS issues influences effective policies to control the epidemic. They also believe the open utterances by the president help people accept those infected and affected by HIV/AIDS as dignified community members hence decreasing the associated stigma. Accordingly, the role played by government policies is recognized by the Zulu community as the force behind the consistently reducing HIV/AIDS incidence and prevalence (Airhihenbuwa & Webster, 2004). Existential enablers As for the existential enablers, the community believes that they can prevent HIV/AIDS, care, and support the victims by utilizing the traditionally available resources that are accessible, acceptable, and affordable to the particular family faced by the challenge (Airhihenbuwa & Webster, 2004). It is evident that the Zulu traditional medicinemen have formulated some herbal regimen which the community members believe treat HIV. However, this treatment is currently under clinical tests at the South African Medical Research Council and its initial results are promising. Negative enablers The Zulus hold the belief that the scarcity and costly nature of particular resources needed for effective prevention, care and support of HIV/AIDS impact negatively on their decisions and actions in controlling this epidemic (Airhihenbuwa & Webster, 2004). Moreover, they believe that the reluctance of their religious leaders to openly discuss HIV and AIDS contributes to increasing the stigma on those infected and/or affected by the disease. Furthermore, the aspect of people blaming the infection on others also impacts negatively on the Zulus as in such cases of blame-game no one takes the initiative to prevent HIV transmission or even care or support the victims (Gumede & Dalrymple, 2004). In like manner, the failure of the government to distribute enough Anti-retroviral drugs (ARVs) to those living with HIV/AIDS explicitly creates a disenabling atmosphere for effective addressing of HIV/AIDS. Notably, the Zulu people who refuse to be tested for HIV cited the unavailability of ARVs as their reason for declining. Concisely, the health educator, upon assessing and recognizing the health needs, strengths, and weaknesses of the community concerning HIV/AIDS prevention and care according to the enablers discussed above, will be able to prioritize, plan, implement, and evaluate a suitable health education program on prevention, care and support of HIV/AIDS (National Commission for Health Education Credentialing (NCHEC), 2006). REFERENCES Airhihenbuwa C. O. , & Webster J. D. (2004). ‘Culture and African contexts of HIV/AIDS prevention, care and support’, Journal of social aspects of HIV/AIDS research alliance. Vol. 1 No. 1 Gumede K. , & Dalrymple L. (2004). Caring communities project – KwaZulu-Natal (KZN). Durban:DramAide. Retrieved on August 23, 2010 http://www. creativexchange. org/hivaids/CCP National Commission for Health Education Credentialing (NCHEC). (2006). Certified Health Education Specialist (CHES) responsibilities. Johannesburg: NCHEC.

Conquering Arayat Essay

Thesis Statement: Conquering the town of Arayat is more than just trekking the mighty â€Å"Bunduk Alaya† but also discovering their fascinating history, savoring their tasty cuisine, celebrating their unique festivities and most of all learning more about their interesting people. I. A number of historians have proposed varied explanations regarding the etymology of the name â€Å"Arayat†. a. Some people believe that Arayat originated from Fernando de Arayat. b. Another historian argues that it came from the Kapampangan word â€Å"Dayatan†. c. A different account states it rooted from â€Å"Alaya† another Kapamangan term. d. A present-day researcher claims it obtained its name from the biblical Mt. Ararat. II. The fusses faced by the present day Arayat rooted from its controversial history. a. The origin of Arayat is still unknown but historical accounts show that it already existed between 1335 and 1380. b. The people of Arayat showed abhorrence to the coming of the Spaniards and other invaders. c. Arayat gained notoriety when it became the hotbed of many rebellious groups after the colonial war. 1. The prominent HUKBALAHAP movement stayed at the town till it faded at early 1950’s. 2. Following the Huks, HMB was established to fight against the US-sponsored Philippine government. 3. The said to be sons of HMB, NPA still continues to reside at the town. III. Arayat’s culture is a unique blend of its history, geography, customs and traditions. a. The Legend of Mt. Arayat is one of the well-known literatures in the town and in Pampanga. b. When it comes to architecture, Arayat exhibits classic and exemplary designs of its illustrious parish church and memorable national park. c. From the trees of Mt. Arayat, the towns boast of their high quality wood competent for global exportation. d. Its unique halo-halo by Kabigting’s is what makes Arayat a cut above the rest when it comes to Kapampangan desserts. e. Arayat’s major celebration is the feast day of its patroness, St. Catherine of Alexandria, every 25th of November. f. 90% of Arayat’s population is dominated by the devotees of the Roman Catholic religion. IV. The town of Arayat is not second-rate when it comes to its tourist attractions. a. The most outstanding landmark of Pampanga stands at the heart of Arayat. b. The Mount Arayat National Park offers a historical yet contemporary vacation experience. c. St. Catherine of Alexandria is the 7th oldest parish in Pampanga. d. The Cong. Dadong Dam was built to supply water to seven towns of Pampanga. V. Arayat is a home to several infamous revolutionary personalities, national government officials and Armed Forces of the Philippines generals. CONQUERING ARAYAT Demographics The town of Arayat lies in the northern tip of Pampanga, and is surrounded on the northwest by Magalang, on the northeast by Cabiao (in Nueva Ecija), on the east by Candaba, on the south by Sta. Ana, and on the west by Mexico. Its total land area is 17,694 hectares with a population of 118,312; less than one fourth is forested. Only 19 kilometers away from San Fernando, the capital town of Pampanga, Arayat is about an hour drive from Manila. The town is the biggest in northern Pampanga, It is composed of 30 barangays/barrios namely: Arenas, Baliti, Batasan, Buensuceso, Camba (Kaledian), Candating, Cupang, Gatiawin, Guemasan, La Paz (Turu), Lacmit, Laquios, Mangga-Cacutud, Mapalad, Matamo, Palinlang, Paralaya, Plazang Luma, Poblacion, San Agustin Norte, San Agustin Sur, San Antonio, San Jose ( Mesulo), San Juan ( Bano), San Mateo, San Nicolas, San Roque (Bitas), Sto. Nino (Tabuan), Suklayin, and Telapayong, not to mention subdivisions that sprout outside the town proper among which are: Fidela, Guemasan, San Nicolas, Aliwalas, Castillo (Bitas), and Leonor Subdivisions. Arayat is generally a plain or a level land, except the areas where Mt. Arayat stands and its vicinities, with a type I climate and two distinct seasons: dry and wet. The rainy or wet season normally starts in May and runs through October, while the dry season is from November through March of the following year. The Origin of the Name â€Å"Arayat† Some researches state that the name â€Å"Arayat† is derived from the name of Spanish encomiendero, Fernando de Arayat, who was first administrator of the town and who most likely came from a village in Spain called Arayat. Eventually another particular historian allegedly claims that it was the natives who coined the original vernacular name â€Å"Dayat† from their word â€Å"dayatan† literally meaning â€Å"irrigated seed bed†. Nonetheless, a particular researcher argues that Arayat was earlier known as â€Å"Alaya† meaning â€Å"east†. Mount Arayat was then called â€Å"Bunduc Alaya† or â€Å"Eastern Mountain†. The same source states that the Spaniards subsequently made up the word â€Å"Arayat† . However, on a different approach, a contemporary researcher proposes that Mount Arayat is the biblical â€Å"Mount Ararat† where Noah’s Ark apparently landed. But the same researcher does not say how the current name evolved; nor does he explain how come there is another Mount Ararat in the Middle East. Pre-Colonial History The accurate date of the founding of Arayat cannot be determined. However, between 1335 and 1380, historical accounts confirm that it was among the few Pampanga towns already existing. It was allegedly founded by either Prince Balagtas, a monarch of the Madjapahit Empire who came to Luzon, or his son Araw (Lord) Malangsic. It was then called â€Å"Bayan ning Pambuit† and situated in the barrio of Panlinlang. The present Poblacion was still a jungle with balugas (aetas) and other pagan tribes as residents. It was a widespread encomienda consisting of the town as it is known now. At that time, it was an extensive encomienda consisting of the town (present Arayat), and parts of Magalang, Sta. Ana, Candaba, San Miguel de Mayumo (in Suclayin) and Cabiao (in Nueva Ecija). It the present, it is cited in the northern part of Pampanga. It is bounded by the towns of Magalang on the northwest, Cabiao on the northeast, Candaba on the east, Sta. Ana on the south and Mexico on the west, with a total area of 17,694 hectares. The town of Arayat is the biggest in Northern Pampanga Colonial History By 1571, Arayat had emerged as one of the prosperous settlements in Pampanga. But by 1590 when the first Augustinian mission was established in the town by Fray Juan de Valderama, its population numbered only 100. This can be explained by the fact that many young men had been conscripted into the military service to help the Spaniards contain rebellions and defend the country against foreign invaders like the Dutch, the British and the Chinese. As early as 1660, there existed in Arayat a Spanish military for which figured well in the local revolts. Truly, Arayateà ±ous shared the Pampango’s reputation for bravery. The town bred such revolutionary personalities as Generals Jose Alejandrino, Mamerto Natividad, Benito Natividad and Ananias Diokno. Arayat was once the hideout of insurrectos. Hacienda Alejandrino in Panlinglang and Arenas (then called Baliti) was in fact attacked and destroyed because the insurrectos were known to be holding out there. Post Colonial History After the last group of invaders (the Japanese) left the province particularly the town of Arayat, it remained a nest to rebellious groups like the HUKBALAHAP (Hukbo Laban sa mga Hapon). In the late 1940’s Arayat gained unsavory reputation for being the breeding ground of HUKBALAHAP rebellious movements. At that time, Mount Arayat was often the scene of many military attacks. By early 1950’s the Huk rebellion reached its pinnacle and then diminished and disappeared gradually. This markee the formation of a new revolutionary army the HMB (Hukbong Mapagpalayang Bayan or People’s Liberation Army). HMB directed its fight against the newly established US-sponsored Philippine puppet republic. The thick forests of Mount Arayat and its hard terrain gave these rebellious groups advantages to lure the military away from tracking them. These characteristics of the mountain kept these rebellious groups secured and tenable. During the Marcos regime, a new vigilant group emerged, the NPA (New People’s Army) and even up to this time still growing in terms of numbers of members. At present there are still HMB’s and NPA’s residing in the town of Arayat. People there regard HMB’s as â€Å"matwa† meaning â€Å"older† men and the NPA’s as â€Å"anac† meaning â€Å"younger† men. The reason behind this is that the NPA is believed to be the younger generation of the HMB. It would be usual for people living in Arayat to see these rebels wandering around town. They learned to share their beloved town to these people. According to some of the people there when it comes to dealing with these rebels, â€Å"if you do not bother them, they will not bother you as well†. Literature Legend of Mt. Arayat (Sinukuan) There are various legends about the mystical Maria Sinukuan and the mighty Mt. Arayat. Here is one version popular in the town of Arayat: Long Ago, before the invaders came, the mountain of Arayat was alleged to be inhabited by an enthralled woman who was believed to be the fairy god mother of the townspeople. This lady is popularly known as Mariang Sinukuan. Her naturally curled black hair reaches down to her ankles. Her nose is finely chiseled and her eyes are framed with long, black lashes. Her lips were well-formed, her eyebrows were arched and her skin was flawlessly brown. But Mariang Sinukuan was not only known for her physical beauty. She possessed a kind and charitable heart because she always helped those who were in need. It was said that Mt. Arayat was flourished in all kinds of fruit trees. Aside from the fruit trees, it was said that animals of all kinds once rambled this mountain. The eccentric thing about these fruit trees and animals was that the fruit trees bore unusually big fruits all year round and the animals were owned by no other than Mariang Sinukuan. She used to distribute these fruit trees and animals to the deprived. Poor families often woke up to see fruits and animals for their needs at their doorsteps. They knew it was Mariang Sinukuan who left these foods while they were sleeping. the natives were very thankful to be graced by the enchanting goddess. And to show their appreciation and reverence, they never tried to go to her dwelling place in the mountain. The people considered her abode as a sanctified place. But such was not always the case. There came a time when the inhabitants were no longer satisfied with what the captivated lady left at their doorsteps. They wanted to get more. One time, some young men decided to go up Mt. Arayat. They wanted to get more of Mariang Sinukuan’s fruits and animals. They started for the mountain early at dawn. They reached the base of the mountain at sunrise. There were guavas bigger than their fists that drooped from the trees. Pomegranate branches almost reached to the ground because of the many and big fruits they bore. Ripe mangoes were just within one’s reach. Fowls of every kind were abundant. Pigs, goats and other animals wandered around. The young men were still viewing this marvel of nature when from nowhere came Mariang Sinukuan. They were impressed by her radiance. They could not find any words to say to her. It was Mariang Sinukuan who first spoke to them. She welcomed them and said that they could eat as much as they want but they shouldn’t take anything home without her knowledge. After recovering from their astonishment, the young men began to pick up fruits. They ate and ate until they could not eat anymore. Afterwards, one of the men encouraged the others to pick some fruits and fill the sack that he brought. But the other man said that they shouldn’t do that because the lady already warned them. However, the man insisted on getting some more fruits, he said that they’re plentiful and the lady won’t know the difference. And so the young men started to fill their sacks with as many fruits and animals as they could get hold of. Then they started for home. As they were about to begin their descent they felt their sacks becoming heavier. They didn’t mind this, but they had not gone ten steps farther when they felt that their load was pulling them down. Putting the sacks down, how surprised the young men were to find that the fruits and animals had become big stones. They remembered Mariang Sinukuan’s warning. The young men became horribly terrified. Leaving their sacks behind, they ran as fast as their feet could carry them. But before they reached the base of the mountain, they saw someone blocking their way. It was Mariang Sinukuan who was very mad. Because of the covetousness of the young men, Mariang Sinukuan punished them. With the wave of her wand, she changed the young men into swine. This was not the last time that people tried to get hold of Mariang Sinukuan’s fruits and animals. Again and again they tried to steal them. At last, fed up with the people’s greediness, Mariang Sinukuan stopped leaving food at their doorsteps. She caused the fruit trees and animals in the mountain to fade away. She no longer showed herself to the people for she was dismayed with their materialism. Architecture St. Catherine of Alexandria Parish Church Found in Arayat, St. Catherine of Alexandria Parish Church is the seventh oldest Church in Pampanga. This Church was built in the Spanish era in honor of St. Catherine of Alexandria. The Church, measuring 70 meters long, 16 meters wide and 12 meters high, is known for its classical architecture. The presbytery, ceiling and the main altar have been recently renovated. The original stone facade has been covered with cement and painted white. Mt. Arayat National Park Situated at the base of the well-known Mount Arayat is the Mount Arayat National Park, a major tourist attraction not only in Pampanga, but whole Luzon. It is noted for its swimming pools, refreshing surroundings and its cool water falling from its waterfalls. This Park was originally a project of Dona Aurora A. Quezon, wife of the late Manuel L. Quezon of the Philippine Commonwealth, and has been developed into its present state during the post war era. Arayat Institute Arayat Institute is one of the oldest schools that offers complete general secondary course and is recognized by the government. Together with new Berline High School these two public high schools are subsidized by the government, on the other hand, Mangga-Cacutud and Camba Public High Schools, schools cater mostly from barrio youth. All baranggays have their own elementary school. Agriculture and Woodcraft Arayat croplands cover 7,716.49 hectares or about 60% of the total area. It can be also said that it falls within the category of those with traditional industrial structures as reflected by its lands use, agriculture has the widest area, followed by forest land, swamp and marshed land. Rice and sugarcane are the main staple products of the town, followed by corn, mongo, watermelons, turnips, peanuts, camote and different kinds of vegetables. Fresh fish are abundant in its rivers and swampy areas. The forest land of Mount Arayat is the source of firewood, charcoal and the famous â€Å"Teak† wood used in furniture making. Cuisine It is not only having the most prominent landmark of Pampanga (Mt. Arayat) situated in its lands that the town of Arayat is proud of, it also boasts of having the best halo-halo in the country – Kabigting’s Halo Halo. It is not your usual halo-halo for it has caramel made from carabao’s milk, cream of corn and beans cooked for a day to acquire a sweet taste. So how did this pride of Arayat came to be? Sometime in 1970 gave rise to this famous delicacy when Geraldine Kabigting suggested to his brother Jacinto Kabigting to add an interesting flavor to the established and traditional tropical fruit flavors of halo-halo and so they added the caramel, cream of corn and beans. Susan and Johnny Medina who just reside near the Kabigting’s Residence have tasted the newly discovered exotic flavor of halo-halo. Subsequently days after the first taste-test, the group of Travel Time with Susan visited Kabigting’s Residence to savor and introduce their halo-halo on air. Kabigting’s Halo-halo was made popular through that documentary story from Travel Time. Unexpectedly, foreigners and tourists began to go and dine in the place. Ordinary people from the community, known politicians (Tessie Aquino-Oreta, Lilia Pineda, Dong Gonzales, Monz Laus, etc.) artists (Chesca Garcia, Angel Aquino, etc.) media people (ABS-CBD Crew, Jessica Soho, etc.) and even former President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo personally went there to taste their infamous halo-halo. They also serve special pancit palabok. Kabigting’s residence served as the place to order Kabigting’s Halo-halo which is located at Paralaya, Arayat, Pampanga. It has branches also at Robinson’s San Fernando and Marquee Mall. Festivals Arayat is all the luckier in the facade of recent destructive natural calamities such as the 1990 Killer Earthquake and June 1991 Mt. Pinatubo Eruption, it being phenomenally spared of major damages in lives and properties. The town is blessed to have as its Patroness, St. Catherine of Alexandria, in whose affectionate concern and fortification, brings harmony and serenity among the people reign, despite the diffident livelihood of the people and their diverse political and ideological persuasions and viewpoints, not to mention social differences. By her compassionate intervention, Arayat remains to be on the forefront in so far as tranquility and progress are concerned. The feast day of St. Catherine of Alexandria is celebrated every 25th of November. In line with this, 25 other fiestas in small baranggays of Arayat are celebrated in honor of Santa Catalina (St. Catherine of Alexandria). Religion As with the rest of the town of Pampanga, Roman Catholic remains the dominant religion in Arayat, numbering for more than 90% of the entire population. Iglesia ni Cristo is second followed by the Aglipayan Church, Seventh Day Adventist, Rizalists, Jehovah’s Witnesses and Methodist. The people of Arayat, although pre-occupied with different problems, are not negligent in their religious obligations. The Catholics are keeping pace with the demand for more religious facilities and services. The town’s old catholic church, St. Catherine Parish, which was built in the Spanish era, was the object of the recent major renovations through the collective efforts of mandated organizations. And due to demands of religious services to barangay northwest of the Pampanga River and to bring such services more accessible to people, the St, Isidore Parish (Camba) was established by the Archdiocese of San Fernando. The religion that catches our attention the most is the Rizalist. Like Mt. Banahaw, Arayat too has a mystical side for it is in her foothills that Rizalist gathers every December to honor the national hero in quiet ceremonies. The cult was brought about by Mariang Sinukuan, the female incarnation of Rizal. This religion negates the concept that Rizal is the reincarnation of Christ because they believe that Christ does not exist. For them, Rizal is God himself, the Alpha and the Omega, the Kristong Kayumanggi and the savior of the Philippines. There may be many different names but He is only one. Famous Sites MT. ARAYAT The most popular landmark of not only the town of Arayat but as well as the whole province of Pampanga is the majestic Arayat Mountain or also known as â€Å"Bunduk Alaya†. Mount Arayat is an extinct volcano on Luzon Island, Philippines, rising to a height of 1,026 m (3,366 ft) ASL. There is no recorded eruption of the volcano, and its last activity probably dates to the Holocene era. One academic report indicates activity within the last 2000 years, but it is believed that this refers to the volcano’s geothermal activity. Mount Arayat is equally recognized as â€Å"Mount Sinukuan†, entitled after the renowned Goddess and charmed lady, Maria Sinukuan. It has three peaks, the two highest of which the Northern Peak with 1086 meters altitude and the Southern Peak with 984 meters height. Fluttering at the foot of Mt. Arayat is the well-known Pampanga River. One does not have to mount its summit to see its natural beauty, for it is centrally located in the region, so that one will without doubt, take pleasure in its magnificence as he travel along national highways of Central Luzon. MOUNT ARAYAT NATIONAL PARK Located at the base of the highly recognized Mount Arayat is the Mount Arayat National Park, a primary tourist attraction not only in Pampanga, but the whole Luzon. It is noted for its swimming pools, natural, revitalizing and lush surroundings and its cool water cascading from its waterfalls. This park initially a project of Doà ±a Aurora A. Quezon, wife of the late Manuel L. Quezon of the Philippine Commonwealth, has been refurbished into its present state during the post war era after it has been shattered in the course of the World War II. It was established on June 27, 1933 to save and preserve the flora and fauna blossoming therein. The 3,564 feet high mountain at Baà ±o, Arayat is an perfect spot for outdoor activities with its picturesque vicinity under cool shades of fertile green trees, mountain wind, natural falls and two standard sized-swimming pools, recreational halls and picnic huts. The former President Quezon and his wife fell in love with the place when they visited their medical officer, Dr. Egmidio Cruz, a native of Arayat. He really liked the cool breeze of the serene and calm town. He immediately bought farms which later named Caledian & Suclayin, after his properties in his native Tayabas which bore the same names. During the summer he brought other government officials and foreign visitors to Arayat. Eventually he had several improvements done in the town. He was responsible for the concreting of roads, building of a bridge linking Arayat and Cabiao, as well as the development of recreational facilities at the base of Mount Arayat, with the construction of a swimming pool, dressing headquarters and a nursery. The project was discontinued when the World War II broke out, but resumed afterwards under the supervision of local officials and civil-spirited citizens. It now bears the name Mount Arayat National Park. ST. CATHERINE PARISH CHURCH The people of Arayat, although preoccupied with economic difficulties are not negligent in their religious obligations. The Catholics are keeping pace with the demand for more religious facilities and services. The town old Catholic church, St. Catherine Parish, which was built in the Spanish era, was the object of the recent major renovations vis-à  -vis the church proper, the convent and the church patio, through the collective efforts of mandated organizations. The church was built in honor of the Patroness of the town, St. Catherine of Alexandria who brings tender concern and safety and preserves serenity and tranquility among the people of Arayat, despite wide-ranging political and ideological points of view and beliefs, not to mention social differences. By her compassionate intervention, Arayat continues to be on the forefront in so far as harmony and advancement are concerned. Santa Catalina de Alexandria (St. Catherine of Alexandria) is the 7th oldest parish in Pampanga built in 1590. CONG. DADONG DAM The P3.4-billion Cong. Dadong Dam, also known as DELTA to the natives was designed to irrigate 10,270 hectares of farms in seven eastern towns of Pampanga. Recently, there are controversies that emerged regarding the discontinued use of the well-recognized dam. FAMOUS PEOPLE Like other towns in Pampanga, Arayat has bred some prominent and outstanding national figures from the Spanish era to the present. Noteworthy to mention are: Generals Jose Alejandrino, who is a contemporary of Jose Rizal, Mamerto Natividad, his brother Banito, Ananias Diokno, and Dr. Egmidio Cruz, the medical officer of foremer President Manuel Quezon and his wife Former executive secretary and Ambassador Amelito R. Mutuc and Press Secretary Leoncio R. Parungao, both of the Macapagal administration, also came from Arayat. Not to mention military figures that made their marks in the high echelon of the Armed Forces of the Philippines, namely: Commodore Lodogovildo L. Gantioqui of the Philippine Nave, Col. (Ret.) Vicente A. Pascual, former Deputy Judge Advocate General, Major General Rene R. Cruz, former RaCom V. Commander and PC-INP Deputy Commander for Administration. ——————————————– [ 2 ]. Arayat Map, JPG, http://www.batch2006.com/visit_porac.htm. [ 3 ]. Holy Angel Univeristy Center for Kapampangan Studies, History of Arayat (Angeles City, Pampanga, n.d.), p. 1. [ 4 ]. Den Mar, â€Å"Arayat – Our Ancestral Home,† Arayat,http://arayat2012.tripod. com/ index2.htm (accessed December 30, 2010). [ 5 ]. Holy Angel Univeristy Center for Kapampangan Studies, loc.cit. [ 6 ]. Den Mar, loc.cit. [ 7 ]. Holy Angel University Center for Kapampangan Studies, loc.cit. [ 8 ]. Ibid. [ 9 ]. Ibid., p.2. [ 10 ]. Michael Raymon Pangilinan, â€Å"Arayat,† Kapampangan Online, http://kapampangan-online.com/arayat (accessed December 30, 2010). [ 11 ]. Dugdale Pointon, â€Å"Insurgency in the Philippines,† Insurgency in the Philippines, http:// www.historyofwar.org/articles/wars_philippines.html (accessed Decmeber 30, 2010). [ 12 ]. Mariang Sinukuan, GIF, http://arayat2012.tripod.com/maria.htm. [ 13 ]. Den Mar, loc.cit. [ 14 ]. Ibid. [ 15 ]. Holy Angel Univeristy Center for Kapampangan Studies, loc.cit. [ 16 ]. Den Mar, loc.cit. [ 17 ]. Ibid. [ 18 ]. Teak, JPG, http://www.indonesiafurniture.co.id/About/index.html. [ 19 ]. Den Mar, loc.cit. [ 20 ]. Kabigting, JPG, http://foodxpress.wordpress.com/. [ 21 ]. Pampanga Directory, â€Å"Pride of Pampanga†, http://pampanga directory.net/the-pride-of-arayat/ (accessed December 30, 2010). [ 22 ]. Saint Catherine of Alexandria, JPG, http://www.flickr.com/photos/58989268@ N00 /favorites/page36/. [ 23 ]. Den Mar, loc.cit. [ 24 ]. Rizalistas, JPG, http://www.mnnetherlands.com/dir/_page/100298/. [ 25 ]. Den Mar, loc.cit. [ 26 ]. Alex Castro, â€Å"Mountain of Myths†, Indung Kapampangan, http://kapampangan.word press.com/category/mount-arayat (accessed December 30, 2010). [ 27 ]. Dennis Villegas, â€Å"The Second Coming of Rizal†, Philippine Online Chronicles, http://www.thepoc.net/thepoc-features/buhay-pinoy/buhay-pinoy-features/8307-the-living-god-rizal-from-rizalistas-eyes.html (accessed December 30, 2010). [ 28 ]. Mount Arayat, JPG, http://www.lakbaypilipinas.com/travel_pampanga.html. [ 29 ]. WikiMapia, â€Å"Mount Arayat,† http://wikimapia.org/842045/Mount-Arayat (accessed December 30, 2010). [ 30 ]. Mount Arayat National Park, JPG, http://www.travelblog.org/Asia/Philippines /Pampanga/blog-7999.html. [ 31 ]. Den Mar, loc.cit. [ 32 ]. Jheng Arceo, â€Å"Things to do and see: Natural Parks and View Sites,† Jheng’s Blog, http: //jhengarceo .spaces.live.com/(accessed Demcember 30, 2010). [ 33 ]. Holy Angel University Center for Kapampangan Studies, loc.cit. [ 34 ]. Saint Catherine of Alexandria, JPG, http://www.andropampanga.com/churches /arayat_church.htm. [ 35 ]. Den Mar, loc.cit. [ 36 ]. Cong. Dadong Dam, JPG, http://www.flickr.com/photos/heraldicwhisper/26178 66344/#/. [ 37 ]. Tonette Orejas, â€Å"Pampanga dam with abundant water underused,† Philippine Daily Inquirer, August 8, 2007, http://services.inquirer.net/print/print.php?article_id= 20070808-81413 (accessed December 30, 2010). [ 38 ]. Holy Angel University Center for Kapampangan Studies, loc.cit. [ 39 ]. General Jose Alejandrino, JPG, http://jinkysjourney.wordpress.com/. [ 40 ]. Den Mar, loc.cit.

Free Essays on Pizza

Currently, pizza companies are in a pizza war for a gain in the market share. Pizza Hut, Papa John’s and Domino’s are all in close competition to be the leading pizza provider. Issues such as, product innovation, sampling, media spending, sales promotions and the quality of the pizza are in the minds of both the company and the consumer. In the following paper, I will address the ordering methods of non-college households, suggested budget allocation and slogan suggestion. Upon conducting research among non-college students, I have found that many buyers of pizza are similar in buying habits. After questioning a few non-college adults I know regarding pizza preference, I discovered that a majority the households rely on sales promotions such as coupons to choose pizza retailers. Although the survey group differs in age and other basic demographic information, the results from this mini-survey are fairly consistent. This will directly influence my suggestions for the budget allocation, which will be addressed later in this paper. The main consistency I found in this survey is the fact that many consumers rely on coupons in choosing pizza retailers. In 75 percent of the adults I surveyed, coupons were a deciding factor. However, I found that not all outlets for coupon distribution are effective. For example, coupons that are distributed on the pizza boxes are not generally redeemed. The majority of coupons that are used by these consumers are gathered from daily and weekend newspapers, a media outlet not common to the college population. In regards to buyer behavior, I openly asked these adults the process of choosing pizza retailers. In response, they listed different factors such as: brand loyalty, incentive programs, taste and coupons, as mentioned earlier. In all cases, these consumers depend on take-out for the consumption of pizza. This coincides with the information presented regarding the large portion ... Free Essays on Pizza Free Essays on Pizza Currently, pizza companies are in a pizza war for a gain in the market share. Pizza Hut, Papa John’s and Domino’s are all in close competition to be the leading pizza provider. Issues such as, product innovation, sampling, media spending, sales promotions and the quality of the pizza are in the minds of both the company and the consumer. In the following paper, I will address the ordering methods of non-college households, suggested budget allocation and slogan suggestion. Upon conducting research among non-college students, I have found that many buyers of pizza are similar in buying habits. After questioning a few non-college adults I know regarding pizza preference, I discovered that a majority the households rely on sales promotions such as coupons to choose pizza retailers. Although the survey group differs in age and other basic demographic information, the results from this mini-survey are fairly consistent. This will directly influence my suggestions for the budget allocation, which will be addressed later in this paper. The main consistency I found in this survey is the fact that many consumers rely on coupons in choosing pizza retailers. In 75 percent of the adults I surveyed, coupons were a deciding factor. However, I found that not all outlets for coupon distribution are effective. For example, coupons that are distributed on the pizza boxes are not generally redeemed. The majority of coupons that are used by these consumers are gathered from daily and weekend newspapers, a media outlet not common to the college population. In regards to buyer behavior, I openly asked these adults the process of choosing pizza retailers. In response, they listed different factors such as: brand loyalty, incentive programs, taste and coupons, as mentioned earlier. In all cases, these consumers depend on take-out for the consumption of pizza. This coincides with the information presented regarding the large portion ...

Free Essays on Of This Time, of That Place

Of This Time, Of That place The story Of This Time, Of That Place, has many different conflicts. The main conflict is between Joseph Howe and a student named Tertan. Joseph Howe was going to his firs day of class. As he entered the classroom all of the students looked at him appraisingly. This gave Dr. Howe a sense of power. Dr. Howe quickly issued an assignment. As the class is working on the assignment, in comes Tertan. The class gave him a mocking cheer. Both Dr. Howe and Tertan ignored the class. Dr. Howe feels nervous and cracks some jokes he is handling the pressure of school; a true sign of a hero. At the end of class Tertan stood up and said that some professors were pedants and some professors are free souls. While grading the assignments, Dr. Howe sees that Tertans paper is extremely advanced and feels a little bit intimidated by it. Dr. Howe pointed out a few flaws but the paper was still good. Dr. Howe had a feeling that Tertan was a little bit out of the ordinary. After Dr. Howe got home he read an essay called â€Å"Two Poets† by Frederic Woolley in which Woolley made unfavorable comments about him. After a while Dr. Howe forgot about the incident and his classes became more like groups. A week after class Tertan went to visit Dr. Howe. They talked about Tertans last two papers. Tertan than pulled out a copy of the essay â€Å"Two Poets†. Tertan told Dr. Howe that he did his papers from what he learned from reading the essay. Teratan then suddenly left the room. Dr. Howe was making an attempt to better understand Tertan. In walks in Blackburn, vise president of the student council. Blackburn told Dr. Howe that he was once English major and would like to take his class, even though the semester had already began. When speaking with Dr. Howe, Blackburn tried to sound intelligent but made some errors, which Dr. Howe had pointed out. In class Tertan was called upon and began to speak and everyon e one in the c... Free Essays on Of This Time, of That Place Free Essays on Of This Time, of That Place Of This Time, Of That place The story Of This Time, Of That Place, has many different conflicts. The main conflict is between Joseph Howe and a student named Tertan. Joseph Howe was going to his firs day of class. As he entered the classroom all of the students looked at him appraisingly. This gave Dr. Howe a sense of power. Dr. Howe quickly issued an assignment. As the class is working on the assignment, in comes Tertan. The class gave him a mocking cheer. Both Dr. Howe and Tertan ignored the class. Dr. Howe feels nervous and cracks some jokes he is handling the pressure of school; a true sign of a hero. At the end of class Tertan stood up and said that some professors were pedants and some professors are free souls. While grading the assignments, Dr. Howe sees that Tertans paper is extremely advanced and feels a little bit intimidated by it. Dr. Howe pointed out a few flaws but the paper was still good. Dr. Howe had a feeling that Tertan was a little bit out of the ordinary. After Dr. Howe got home he read an essay called â€Å"Two Poets† by Frederic Woolley in which Woolley made unfavorable comments about him. After a while Dr. Howe forgot about the incident and his classes became more like groups. A week after class Tertan went to visit Dr. Howe. They talked about Tertans last two papers. Tertan than pulled out a copy of the essay â€Å"Two Poets†. Tertan told Dr. Howe that he did his papers from what he learned from reading the essay. Teratan then suddenly left the room. Dr. Howe was making an attempt to better understand Tertan. In walks in Blackburn, vise president of the student council. Blackburn told Dr. Howe that he was once English major and would like to take his class, even though the semester had already began. When speaking with Dr. Howe, Blackburn tried to sound intelligent but made some errors, which Dr. Howe had pointed out. In class Tertan was called upon and began to speak and everyon e one in the c...

Field Marshal John French in World War I

Field Marshal John French in World War I John French - Early Life Career: Born September 28, 1852 at Ripple Vale, Kent, John French was son of Commander John Tracy William French and his wife Margaret. The son of a naval officer, French intended to follow in his fathers footsteps and sought training at Portsmouth after attending Harrow School. Appointed a midshipman in 1866, French soon found himself assigned to HMS Warrior. While aboard, he developed a debilitating fear of heights which forced him to abandon his naval career in 1869. After serving in the Suffolk Artillery Militia, French transferred to the British Army in February 1874. Initially serving with the 8th Kings Royal Irish Hussars, he moved through a variety of cavalry regiments and achieved the rank of major in 1883. John French - In Africa: In 1884, French took part in the Sudan Expedition which moved up the Nile River with the goal of relieving Major General Charles Gordons forces which were besieged at Khartoum. En route, he saw action at Abu Klea on January 17, 1885. Though the campaign proved a failure, French was promoted to lieutenant colonel the following month. Returning to Britain, he received command of the 19th Hussars in 1888 before moving into various high-level staff posts. During the late 1890s, French led the 2nd Cavalry Brigade at Canterbury before assuming command of the 1st Cavalry Brigade at Aldershot. John French - Second Boer War: Returning to Africa in late 1899, French took command of the Cavalry Division in South Africa. He was thus in place when the Second Boer War commenced that October. After defeating General Johannes Kock at Elandslaagte on October 21, French took part in the larger relief of Kimberley. In February 1900, his horsemen played a key role in the triumph at Paardeberg. Promoted to the permanent rank of major general on October 2, French was also knighted. A trust subordinate of Lord Kitchener, the Commander-in-Chief in South Africa, he later served as Commander of Johannesburg and Cape Colony. With the end of the conflict in 1902, French was elevated to lieutenant general and appointed to the Order of St. Michael and St. George in recognition of his contributions. John French - Trusted General: Returning to Aldershot, French assumed command of 1st Army Corps in September 1902. Three years later he became the overall commander at Aldershot. Promoted to general in February 1907, he became Inspector-General of the Army that December. One of the British Armys stars, French received the honorary appointment of Aide-de-Camp General to the King on June 19, 1911. This was followed by an appointment as Chief of the Imperial General Staff the following March. Made field marshal in June 1913, he resigned his position on the Imperial General Staff in April 1914 after a disagreement with Prime Minister H. H. Asquiths government regarding the Curragh Mutiny. Though he resumed his post as Inspector-General of the Army on August 1, Frenchs tenure proved brief due to the outbreak of World War I. John French - To the Continent: With the British entry into the conflict, French was appointed to command the newly-formed British Expeditionary Force. Consisting of two corps and a cavalry division, the BEF began preparations to deploy to the Continent. As planning moved forward, French clashed with Kitchener, then serving as Secretary of State for War, over where the BEF should be placed. While Kitchener advocated a position near Amiens from which it could mount a counterattack against the Germans, French preferred Belgium where it would be supported by the Belgium Army and their fortresses. Backed by the Cabinet, French won the debate and began moving his men across the Channel. Reaching the front, the British commanders temper and prickly disposition soon led to difficulties in dealing with his French allies, namely General Charles Lanrezac who commanded the French Fifth Army on his right. Establishing a position at Mons, the BEF entered action on August 23 when it was attacked by the German First Army. Though mounting a tenacious defense, the BEF was forced to retreat as Kitchener had anticipated when advocating the Amiens position. As French fell back, he issued a confusing series of orders which were ignored by Lieutenant General Sir Horace Smith-Dorriens II Corps which fought a bloody defensive battle at Le Cateau on August 26. As the retreat continued, French began to lose confidence and became indecisive. Shaken by the high losses sustained, he became increasingly concerned about his mens welfare rather than aiding the French. John French - The Marne to Digging In: As French began contemplating withdrawing to the coast, Kitchener arrived on September 2 for an emergency meeting. Though angered by Kitcheners interference, the discussion convinced him to keep the BEF at the front and to take part in French Commander-in-Chief General Joseph Joffres counteroffensive along the Marne. Attacking during the First Battle of the Marne, Allied forces were able to halt the German advance. In the weeks after the battle, both sides began the Race to the Sea in an effort to outflank the other. Reaching Ypres, French and the BEF fought the bloody First Battle of Ypres in October and November. Holding the town, it became a point of contention for the rest of the war. As the front stabilized, both sides began constructing elaborate trench systems. In an effort to break the deadlock, French opened the Battle of Neuve Chapelle in March 1915. Though some ground was gained, casualties were high and no breakthrough was attained. Following the setback, French blamed the failure on a lack of artillery shells which initiated the Shell Crisis of 1915. The following month, the Germans began the Second Battle of Ypres which saw them take and inflict substantial losses but fail to capture the town. In May, French returned to the offensive but was bloodily repulsed at Aubers Ridge. Reinforced, the BEF attacked again in September when it began the Battle of Loos. Little was gained in three weeks of fighting and French received criticism for his handling of British reserves during the battle. John French - Later Career: Having clashed repeatedly with Kitchener and having lost the confidence of the Cabinet, French was relieved in December 1915 and replaced by General Sir Douglas Haig. Appointed to command the Home Forces, he was elevated to Viscount French of Ypres in January 1916. In this new position, he oversaw the suppression of the 1916 Easter Rising in Ireland. Two years later, in May 1918, the Cabinet made French British Viceroy, Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, and Supreme Commander of the British Army in Ireland. Fighting with various nationalist groups, he sought to destroy Sinn Fà ©in. As a result of these actions, he was the target of a failed assassination attempt in December 1919. Resigning his post on April 30, 1921, French moved into retirement. Made Earl of Ypres in June 1922, French also received a retirement grant of  £50,000 in recognition of his services. Contracting cancer of the bladder, he died on May 22, 1925, while at Deal Castle. Following a funeral, French was buried at St. Mary the Virgin Churchyard in Ripple,Kent. Selected Sources First World War: Field Marshal John FrenchTrenches on the Web: Field Marshal John French

Media policy in Europe Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Media policy in Europe - Essay Example During the war in Rome, it got affected by monetary crisis that led by the war led to hoarding of money, by the idle money being taken out of circulation, which caused price deflation in commodities as well as land values. Repayment of Rome loans from Asia got threatened thus causing creditors in Rome to experience a liquidity crisis as well as, trouble in repaying their loans while others were bankrupt. Basing on the acknowledged advantages of society, opinionated also cultural pluralism, multiplicity, as well as, variety in the media can be the enviable trimmings in themselves. Hardt and Antonio (2002) states that the constitutive imprecision of pluralism as a communal assessment that provides a suitable ideological suppleness in a manner that it is capable of suggestive of intransigent issues in one phase of the contest also progressive issues in the subsequent issue. Correspondingly, in the media policy the affirmative significance of pluralism together with the diversity that ha s been subjugated in point of view for variety, as well as, unsuited agendas serves at no cost contest to the public check obligations (Kofman & Gillian, 2003). The definitional along with the discursive authority flocks around the borders of opinionated debates, and also portray in the techniques of the media guiding principle in the European Union. At the same time, as the European congress time after time try to uphold the agenda of media pluralism towards the commission’s ideas to plan on a political, as well as, the cultural definitions being repeated due to the failure of the industry groups and the commission. Media union has been established to become a broad technology that involves internet; this has been intermingled with the old media such as television. This technological development transcends to the societal, intellectual, financial, as well as, industrial reforms. This union only occurs in numerous channels; nevertheless the most important idea is based on the union of the types of media knowledge in the public furthermore within the media industry surroundings (Mann 1970). Commonly, the thought of a fresh media an example being computers disagreeing with the old media an example being a television, as well as, a print media. Away from each other, the technical union and the study examine the manner audiences may be associated and understand some of these technologies. This type of union is defined as the cultural associations contained by the media (Maloutas & Pantelidou 2004). One may identify the four scopes by which media techniques in Europe can be compared through the formulation of media markets, amid exacting prominence on the powerful or even non powerful formulation of an accumulation distribution force down. The opinionated exactness within three scales, as well as, the personality of the relations between media associated with political parties or even more widely to the extent to which the media system portrays the fundament al political separations in society culture. The establishment and formulation of journalistic expertise, degree, as well as, the nature of the governing interaction in the media system (Sarikakis 2004). The dissimilarity in newspaper readership between the Northern and Southern Europe may be recognized, it is possible to associate these dissimilarities to the pop up of the emergence of

The Strategic Context of Projects Research Paper

The Strategic Context of Projects - Research Paper Example First, the project team must resolve schedule issue. The team must resolve when each phase of the entire project will be started. The same team should also determine when each phase of the project should stop. The team must decide which schedule should go first. Second, the project team, through its leader or manager, must resolve priorities issue. The project team should decide who will make the priority list. The same project team must decide which portion of the each phase should go first. The same project team must decide with which part of each phase must begin. The same team will decide which portion of each phase will start next. The project team will determine which portion of the entire phase will have third priority each phase of the entire project. Third, the project team, through its leader or manager, must resolve resources issue. The project team leader will decide which resources will be uses in each phase of the entire project. The same project team leader will decide which sources should not be included in the entire project. The project team leader will decide on the quality of the resources used during the entire project. Fourth, the project team, through its leader or manager, must resolve technical beliefs issue. ... Further, step two of the technical beliefs issue focuses on forcing the employees to implement the project team manager’s decisions. The manager must implement the best alternative in resolving the prior problem solving issue. The team manager should force the subordinates’ immediate compliance with management decisions, immediately and whole-heartedly. The manager must implement a win-win solution to resolve the current problem solving endeavor. Furthermore, step three of the same technical beliefs issue centers on the team manager compromising with the disgruntled subordinates. The in compromising, both management and subordinates will meet halfway. The meeting halfway step means giving up some of the parties’ original demands or requests. Reducing disgruntlement increases project team output. Fifth, the project team, through its leader or manager, must resolve administrative policies and process issue. The management should resolve new policies or current poli cies to improve the entities’ overall financial performance. Project team management explains the many benefits of implementing the new company policy and process. The same project team management should reduce resistance to administrative policies and processes by having a brainstorming session. All individuals are given free reign to give their comments, suggestions, disillusionment, and other inputs as a basis for problem solving issues. Sixth, the project team, through its leader or manager, must resolve the project cost issue. The team manager will get quotes from different suppliers. The project team managers will decide to buy the company’s requirements by electing the product or service offering the most reasonably cost. The project team manager must

Air Force Space Surveillance System Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Air Force Space Surveillance System - Essay Example Practical, technical, and policy aspects of the Air Force Space Surveillance System Practically, the air force system for surveillance is used for the purpose of tracking objects with precise accuracy in the entire existing satellite catalogue. It is applicable also in the US military for the purpose of tracking both medium and large sized objects that exists in the orbit. It is capable of tracking approximately 23,000 manmade equipments and objects rotating in the orbit taken by Earth itself. This material information is used by the US military for the sole purpose of SSA operations and work. These operations include the detection of potential and dangerous manmade and natural threats to its orbiting satellites (Chaplian, 2010). Additionally, practically it is used for the detection of the close approaching objects that could result into devastating and unfortunate collisions. Technically, the air force system for surveillance has three distinctive transmitters located at differenti ated places in the United States of America. The differentiated technical locations are Lake Kickapoo, Jordan Lake, and Gila River. These places have been selected since they are strategically vital and workable with the surveillance system operative mechanisms. The one that is located at Lake Kickapoo is believed to be the most powerful and essential continuous wave station globally. It works and operates with a radiated power of about 768Â  kWv on a scope of 216.97927 MHz (Angelo, 2009). The other two locations have their own distinctive technical qualities as well. These qualities are the same. They both share the commonality of having the originality in design by possessing the antennas twice the current length. This is important as it allows the two transmitters to have greater and stronger radiated power. Apart from the transmitters, there exits receiving stations. Policy aspects of the AFSSS The policy aspects of the air force system for surveillance are numerous. The fast p olicy in regard to the air force system for surveillance was operated under a maintenance and operations contract. This ensured that the daily running and operations of the air force system for surveillance was under a contractual accord under the Five Rivers Service. The Five Rivers Service is based in Colorado. The other policy that revolved around the air force system for surveillance is that it had differentiated aspects that related to its running. This included policies regarding its contract modification aimed at managing, operating, and logistically supporting the total nine surveillance field stations. This was done for the fiscal year of 2012. It enabled the air force system of surveillance to continue to operate. Tool for decision-making The air force system for surveillance works by under a given contractor who mans it providing all the required labor support and personnel to maintain and operate all the seven AFSSS filed stations. The contractor works on checking the pe rformance of the seven field stations since the air force system for surveillance has been identifies as a crucial and vital defense system. The entire system works by being manned 24/7 on a 7-days-a –week basis annually at the respective transmitter sites. The tool is used for decision making since it monitors the threats that exist to space and earth satellites. This means that in any case when there is a threat of collision or damage probability on lone of these satellites; decisions have to be made on whether the threat should be terminated

PRODUCT RECALL AND BRAND STRATEGY A Case Study on Toyota Corporation Essay

PRODUCT RECALL AND BRAND STRATEGY A Case Study on Toyota Corporation - Essay Example mmand a healthy following, the company has however concentrated its efforts in marketing the principal brand which is Toyota and its sub-brands (Daye & Van Auken, 2010). Until the product recalls, Toyota’s brand architecture hinged primarily on the Toyota name. It is typical for Japanese companies to focus their business and marketing efforts on a single corporate brand (Daye & Van Auken, 2010). This strategy has obvious advantages, such as the development of a strong culture around the master-brand and therefore making their marketing efforts more efficient (Thomson, 2010). It has strong implications in its production approach also, because the single brand allowed the firm to lessen the number of components it needed. Toyota’s sub-brands shared a large number of common parts, reducing design efforts and concentrating production on these shared components. â€Å"Compare this approach with US rival GM, which, until recently, was operating a house of brands structure with 11 distinct marques, and the reason for much of Toyotas success and GMs decline, becomes apparent† Daye & Auken, 2010). While there are obvious strengths, there is one glaring weakness in the brand focus strategy. Negative publicity which may attach for any reason to the master brand is going to affect not only all its existing sub-brands at the moment of the controversy, but also all future sub-brands still to be designed. It appears that this is the reason why Toyota’s strategy for 2011 and the near future is to shift global marketing emphasis to its Lexus brand (Toyota Annual Report for 2011, p. 11). The executive report also places emphasis on quality and safety as its two major parameters. Hence, the company strives to bring constant development in its operational and management process. Toyota’s production system â€Å"is steeped in the philosophy of ‘the complete elimination of all waste’ imbuing all aspects of production in pursuit of the most efficient methods† (Toyota

The differences in the use of language between old and young Term Paper

The differences in the use of language between old and young generation in Saudi Arabia - Term Paper Example From this research, it is evident that different factors contribute to the difference in the language used by individuals belonging to the young and the old generation. Some of the factors that will be examined include; technology, stereotypes, and the generation gap (Bassiouney, 2009).   Literature review According to Calvert (2002) the difference in language used between the young and the old generation in Saudi Arabia has led to difficulties in communication. He reveals that the difference in language used by persons belonging to these two generations is as a result of stereotypes. Some of these stereotypes he depicts are as a result of the taboos the people of the old generation were exposed to. The participants who were interviewed in this research revealed that individuals belonging to the old generation were more formal in their communication style than the young. An examination of the stereotypes as a factor contributing to the difference in the language between the young a nd the old in Saudi revealed that, the differences in communication were, as a result of the difference in the expectations between these two groups. For example, the participants who were interviewed in this research showed that they experienced difficulties in communicating with persons of the old generation. This is because they were a bit slow in learning the other languages they used to communicate. Calvert (2002) also reveals that the variances in the use of linguistics between the young and the old in Saudi are because individuals belonging to the young generation incorporated some modern aspects in their language. He illustrates that this is because the young people think this would make communication between them appealing. However, he also illustrates that the old tend not to be comfortable when they incorporate such features in their communication. This is because they normally have the stereotype that persons belonging to the young generation tend to be rude when they in corporate some of the features in their communication (Calvert, 2002). Crystal (2001) illustrates that technology plays a role in the difference in the language used between the young and the old in Saudi. This is because an examination of the history of the old generation reveals that the old people did not incorporate a lot of technology in their communication. He, therefore, argues that the introduction of technology has greatly influenced the use of language among persons belonging to the young generation. The responses from the questionnaires also revealed that the introduction of the internet immensely influenced their communication styles, hence affecting their use of language. The participants claimed that the difficulty experienced by the old in adapting to the changing technology, was a factor that contributed to a difference in language use between the young

Neoliberalism is a fundamental new approach in International Relations PowerPoint Presentation

Neoliberalism is a fundamental new approach in International Relations theory. Discuss - PowerPoint Presentation Example Neo-liberalism works to move a part of the economy’s control to the private sector from the public sector. That is to say that neo-liberalism is an economic conception that values the ideals of free and unregulated market and globalization. Therefore, neo-liberalism occupies a fundamental position in the theory of International Relations. Neo-liberalism is a concept of political and economic practices that put forwards that human welfare can best be developed by liberating personal industrial freedoms and expertise inside an institutional framework typified by sound private property rights, unregulated and free markets along with free trade (Harvey, 2007). In the period after 1945, the liberals resorted to international institutions to perform several functions that the state could not carry out. This was the mechanism behind the integration theory in Europe and pluralism theory in the United States of America. Near the beginning of the 1970s, pluralism had built up a considerable challenge to realism and showed the way to neo-liberalism. Neo-liberalism stands for a more refined theoretical challenge to existing realism. They give explanation to the durability of institutions in spite of significant changes in circumstances. As said by neo-liberals, institutions exercise a causal influence on international relations, determining state preferences and fastening them in to two-way co-operative arrangements. It concentrates on new players like transnational corporations, NGOs (non-governmental organizations) and new types of relations like interdependence and integration (Galbreath, n.d.). Basically neo-liberalism states that free trade and unregulated market along with unobstructed supply of capital will lead to the production of the most efficient products that are most economically, socially and politically viable. It emphasizes on the significance of sound institutions like property rights, freedom of agreement, open markets, rules of legal responsibility,

The differences in the use of language between old and young Term Paper

The differences in the use of language between old and young generation in Saudi Arabia - Term Paper Example From this research, it is evident that different factors contribute to the difference in the language used by individuals belonging to the young and the old generation. Some of the factors that will be examined include; technology, stereotypes, and the generation gap (Bassiouney, 2009).   Literature review According to Calvert (2002) the difference in language used between the young and the old generation in Saudi Arabia has led to difficulties in communication. He reveals that the difference in language used by persons belonging to these two generations is as a result of stereotypes. Some of these stereotypes he depicts are as a result of the taboos the people of the old generation were exposed to. The participants who were interviewed in this research revealed that individuals belonging to the old generation were more formal in their communication style than the young. An examination of the stereotypes as a factor contributing to the difference in the language between the young a nd the old in Saudi revealed that, the differences in communication were, as a result of the difference in the expectations between these two groups. For example, the participants who were interviewed in this research showed that they experienced difficulties in communicating with persons of the old generation. This is because they were a bit slow in learning the other languages they used to communicate. Calvert (2002) also reveals that the variances in the use of linguistics between the young and the old in Saudi are because individuals belonging to the young generation incorporated some modern aspects in their language. He illustrates that this is because the young people think this would make communication between them appealing. However, he also illustrates that the old tend not to be comfortable when they incorporate such features in their communication. This is because they normally have the stereotype that persons belonging to the young generation tend to be rude when they in corporate some of the features in their communication (Calvert, 2002). Crystal (2001) illustrates that technology plays a role in the difference in the language used between the young and the old in Saudi. This is because an examination of the history of the old generation reveals that the old people did not incorporate a lot of technology in their communication. He, therefore, argues that the introduction of technology has greatly influenced the use of language among persons belonging to the young generation. The responses from the questionnaires also revealed that the introduction of the internet immensely influenced their communication styles, hence affecting their use of language. The participants claimed that the difficulty experienced by the old in adapting to the changing technology, was a factor that contributed to a difference in language use between the young

How Has Globalization Affected Corporate Strategy in the 21st Century Essay Example for Free

How Has Globalization Affected Corporate Strategy in the 21st Century Essay In the last 21 years the notion of a multinational company has changed significantly. This is best demonstrated by the 1973 United Nations definition, which clearly stated an enterprise is multinational if it controls assets, factories, mines, sales offices, and the like in two or more countries (Bartlett, Ghoshal 2000 p.3). As we know a multinational corporation is much more then just that it controls foreign assets, it must also have a substantial direct investment in foreign countries, as well as engaging in some form of management of these foreign assets. The evolution of corporations over this time has been somewhat difficult and by no means is the process of change finalized. As with most things this evolution and learning process could be seen as being life long. The environment in which we operate clearly evolves each year and to stay ahead businesses are now required to stay ahead of developments to compete. Some of the slower players, such as Phillips (Bartlett 1999) merely lost market share through this evolution, others in the past and perhaps in the future will lose their businesses. To understand the importance of multinational corporations in relation to the world economy we see that they account for over 40 percent of the worlds manufacturing output, and almost a quarter of world trade (Bartlett, Ghoshal 2000 p.3). Although the focus is often on the larger players such as Ford, Procter and Gamble, or Coca Cola as time progresses it is more the smaller companies which we will need to keep an eye on, as they become important players, especially in international niche markets(Bartlett, Ghoshal 2000 p.3). Traditionally there were three motivations for most organisations to enter international markets, or to undertake investment overseas. These were: 1. Suppliers the ongoing need to source supplies for operations (adapted from Bartlett, Ghoshal 1989, 2000). 2. Markets seeking additional markets to sell products. Traditionally companies went international to sell excess production lines, or to meet one off needs. The market then moved to increased competition where players were keen to be the first mover to a market, so as to gain a competitive advantage. Corporations were often driven by the home country size, with the need for further consumers for ongoing viability and growth (adapted from Bartlett, Ghoshal 1989, 2000) 3. Lower Cost by seeking production facilities which would attract lower labor costs and hence higher profits. Clothing and electronics were the first movers in this strategy, usually looking to developing countries such as China or Taiwan. This is still used somewhat today as a strategy, such as large call centers providing services in India for most Australian banks (adapted from Bartlett, Ghoshal 1989, 2000) It is not my intention to go into the advantages and disadvantages of a corporation entering an international market, or to continue to operate in an international market, beyond the above three initial drivers. What is imperative that in the 21st Century an organisation must seek a strategy that meets the organisations ongoing needs which is clear and precise so as to provide direction for future growth. Due to the ongoing worldwide demand after WWII, most organisations prospered when entering international markets. Often however the strategies to entry were ad hoc and did not provide clear objectives or guidance for ongoing management. Operations were based on an ethnocentric approach. Even though at the time they were referred to as Multinational Corporations, literature now refers to them as International Corporations. As international operations expanded and took on a more important role in the organisation, such as being a key profit centre, or perhaps a product innovation being conceived in an offshore operation, they tended to come under increased management scrutiny, such as the case with Fuji Xerox (Gomes-Casseres, McQuade 1991). This then progressed the corporation to a multinational approach, international markets being as important or even more important then the home market, which is more a polycentric approach to management. The potential from these operations were reviewed by management; the possibilities for cost reductions due to standardization moved most corporations onto the next phase being the global corporation mentality. This is that the entire world is a potential market. Retaining a image from their initial home country, such as McDonalds, they seek to enter all markets to service all customers, hence a regiocentric or geocentric philosophy of management. Bartlett and Ghoshal have gone beyond this to advocate the development of the transnational corporation. This takes the concept of global corporations one step further. Corporations to prosper in a globally competitive environment, should concentrate wherever possible on responding to cost pressures, leveraging of knowledge and information, whilst ensuring local responsiveness to consumer needs (1989 p.13). Cost reduction are imperative to ensure the ongoing viability of corporations. The sharing of costs globally for items such as R D and mass production both provide examples of significant cost reductions, while enhancing learning and knowledge. By increasing the availability of information across the group you are more likely to also encounter a higher quality product as the innovation and knowledge is shared for the corporations greater good. Often companies forget that knowledge does not just reside in just the home country. Important information such as the local consumer market are often best to be determined by local managers so as to respond to local needs. In relation to local responsiveness Theodore Levitt (1983) provides a somewhat extreme view of the global market. His philosophy is that technological, social and economic developments over the last two decades have combined to create a unified world marketplace in which companies must capture global-scale economies to remain competitive. As we have discussed, the need to become competitive through reduction in costs is imperative for every business. However Levitts concept of a unified marketplace with homogenous needs has still some way to go. As researched by Procter and Gamble even how we wash our clothes differs throughout the world, sometimes even within each country. The provision of a standardized product to suit all in this industry would be a failure due to not meeting the needs of local consumers (Bartlett 1983). When we review these three elements of cost reduction, leverage of knowledge and local responsiveness we are aware that these terms are somewhat contradictory. History tells us that to provide local responsiveness you need to increase costs to increase the number of products which meet a specific consumer groups needs. The alternative is to standardize products to achieve economies of scale during production and marketing. Caterpillar has somewhat successfully implemented such a strategy. They redesigned their products around the use of standardized components. These are produced on mass through large production facilities to reduce the component costs and provide economies of scale. Machines are then transported to foreign markets where localized knowledge and components adapt the machines to the needs of local consumers (Srinivasa 1985). The overall approach is that they are able to combine all three elements of the transnational approach. Corporations also need to be aware of the increasingly complex nature of undertaking business in an international market. Social, cultural, and political environments, as well as currency fluctuations, and geographic diversity need to be considered carefully in any decision to undertake a foreign operation. It is best to research thoroughly and constantly review any strategy for overseas ventures as situations can change as in any business venture quite quickly. An example of this would be the increased use of Indonesia as a low cost production base for Australian corporations. With the increased political instability and also terrorism most corporations would be considering the ongoing viability of continuing in this market. Finally corporations need to be aware that to make any significant changes to an corporation strategy or structure it is both extremely complex, time consuming and challenging. As Ford has discovered, by constantly changing strategies to seek higher profitability, all they have been able to achieve has been another announcement of huge losses in 2001 from failed global ventures (Hill, Jones 2004 p276). The move to a transnational approach for most corporations would need to be a slow progression, while for some it is even perhaps out of reach. By focusing on the main elements of cost reduction, knowledge leveraging and local differentiation perhaps this will provide an avenue in the future for continued competitive advantage in an environment which is slowly moving towards Levitts concept of the global village (1983). Perhaps the key lies with Bartlett and Ghoshal when they tell us that companies must now respond simultaneously to diverse and often conflicting strategic needs. Today, no firm can succeed with a relatively unidimensional strategic capability that emphasizes only efficiency, or responsiveness, or leveraging of parent company knowledge and competencies. To win, a company must now achieve all three goals at the same time (1989 p 25). REFERENCE LISTING Bartlett, Christopher A. 1983 Case 6-1 Proctor and Gamble Europe: Vizir Launch, taken from Bartlett, Christopher A. Ghoshal, Sumantra 2000 Text, Cases, and Readings in Cross-Border Management, 3rd Edn, McGraw-Hill International Editions, Singapore, pp 632 647. Bartlett, Christopher A. Ghoshal, Sumantra 1989 Managing Across Borders: The Transnational Solution, Harvard Business School Press, Boston Massachusetts. Barlett, Christopher A. 1999 Case 2 -4 Phillips and Matsushita 1998: Growth of 2 Companies, taken from Bartlett, Christopher A. Ghoshal, Sumantra 2000 Text, Cases, and Readings in Cross-Border Management, 3rd Edn, McGraw-Hill International Editions, Singapore, pp 164 -180 Bartlett, Christopher A. Ghoshal, Sumantra 2000 Text, Cases, and Readings in Cross-Border Management, 3rd Edn, McGraw-Hill International Editions, Singapore. Gomes-Casseres, Benjamin McQuade, Krista 1991 Case 4-1 Xerox and Fuji Xerox, taken from Bartlett, Christopher A. Ghoshal, Sumantra 2000 Text, Cases, and Readings in Cross-Border Management, 3rd Edn, McGraw-Hill International Editions, Singapore, pp 418 443 Hill, Charles W. L Jones, Gareth R. 2004 Strategic Management Theory: An Integrated Approach, 6th Edn, Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston, Massachusetts. Levitt, T. 1983 The Globalization of Markets Harvard Business Review, May June, pp. 92 102. Srinivasa, Rangan V. 1985 Case 3-1 Caterpillar Tractor Co., taken from Bartlett, Christopher A. Ghoshal, Sumantra 2000 Text, Cases, and Readings in Cross-Border Management, 3rd Edn, McGraw-Hill International Editions, Singapore, pp 259 279.